American Express Essay Example for Free

American Express Essay Bonnie Wittenburg, the plaintiff in this case filed an age discrimination lawsuit against American Express Financial Advisors, Inc. ’s (AEFA). AEFA filed a motion for summary judgment, the district court granted and the United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit affirmed. Wittenburg started working at AEFA Equity Investment Department (EID) in November 1998 at the age of 46 (Walsh, 2011). According to the portfolio managers, Wittenburg provided outstanding service and displayed excellent investment skills and in 2000, she was name Analyst of the Year (Walsh, 2011). In 2001, AEFA hired a new Chief Investment Officer (CIO) and 2002 the CIO initiated a redesign of EID. The project would take approximately two years; add an additional three portfolio managers, a new satellite office and the merger or movement of certain funds to AEFA’s satellite office (Walsh, 2011). During a discussion regarding new hires, the CIO stated he was not averse to hiring younger managers or analysts to grow with the company (Walsh, 2011). The new design plan would include a reduction in force (RIF) which according to the CIO was necessary. The first RIF terminated Al Henderson, age 62. Henderson made a comment that Dan Rivera told him that AEFA fired him because the company wanted to retain the younger employees (Walsh, 2011). The second RIF eliminated three analyst positions but primarily focused on portfolio managers. During the second RIF, a team of managers reviewed about 25 people in the department giving each a rating of keep, maybe keep, maybe, maybe drop or drop (Walsh, 2011). They used the ratings to educate leaders about the individuals in the department and in late 2002 held a meeting to discuss employee ratings. Wittenburg received a low rating because of poor performance and negative input provided by portfolio managers but continued in her current position during the second RIF. Wittenburg along with two other analysts were terminated when the third RIF occurred; Wittenburg was 51 and the other two were 41 and 36. Wittenburg applied for a portfolio manager, she did not get the position and sued AEFA claiming Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) (Walsh, 2011). Wittenburg’s defense would rely on statements from co-workers such as â€Å"those that were younger† â€Å"not averse to hiring younger portfolio managers† and notes that indicated the analyst department would maybe add a junior person. In making a decision, the court will consider if the statements were made by decision makers or by someone who may influence the decision to terminate the plaintiff, the gap between statements and the date of termination, and if the statement itself was discriminatory or merely an opinion. The CIO’s comment regarding the company’s willingness to hire younger workers was a general comment. The statement was not discriminatory nor did it establish that age was the basis for Wittenburg’s termination over a year ago. The reference to adding a junior person did not show discriminatory intent and Wittenburg did not prove the employee equated junior person to a younger person or how such a notation related to her termination. Wittenburg admitted that Rivera was not a decision maker in the 2003 RIF and his statement made to Henderson did not relate to her termination. The court decided that these comments did not establish a pretext based on AEFA’s nondiscriminatory purpose given for her termination. A total of 31 analyst were affected by the 2002 and 2003 RIF, 17 of the analyst were 40 years old or older and of the 17, six were terminated, four resigned and seven retained their jobs (Walsh, 2011). In addition, there were four terminated, two resigned, two transferred and six retained their positions of the 14 analysts who were not in the protected class (Walsh, 2011). There were two members, ages 41 and 46, of the protected class who ranked first and second during the 2002 analyst ratings and the two analyst terminated in 2003 were both younger than Wittenburg, one was 41 and the other 36 (Walsh, 2011). Another analyst in the protected class whose age was the same as Wittenburg survived the 2003 RIF. Wittenburg’s accusation that scores were manipulated to retain younger employees during the 2002 RIF by ranking them in the â€Å"keep† category even though their scores were low was actually a moot point as she survived the 2002 RIF even though her score was low putting her in the maybe keep category. AEFA stated they needed only one Technology Sector analyst and then redistributed the workload amongst other employees, Wittenburg argues that pretext was shown however, as stated by the court, â€Å"employers often distribute a discharged employee’s duties to other employees performing related work for legitimate reasons† (Walsh, 2011). As far as the two vacancies, those were among the 10 analysts who had survived the RIF, they were not new positions (Walsh, 2011). The decision to downsize and redesign the Equity Investment Department was for the betterment of the company. Wittenburg’s argument that AEFA only relied on her 2002 performance review in making their decision to terminate does not help her case. The court noted there is nothing discriminatory in an employer choosing to rely on recent performance data in deciding which employees to RIF (Walsh, 2011). American Express had not been doing very well and the CIO explained analyst’s performance evaluations on an annual basis are important because consumers look at one-year performance and make decisions (Walsh, 2011).

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Throughout the eighteenth century until the nineteen fifties, different countries have participated in the acts of industrialization and modernization more fully then others. There were many factors that permitted these countries to industrialize and modernize at a much greater pace than their significant opponents in the world industry. While rapid urbanization in Britain and dictatorship in Argentina and Russia promoted industrialization and modernization, the imperialist policies and ideas of Britain hindered industrial development in Egypt. Rapid urbanization played a very important role in the industrialization and modernization of Britain. Industrialization was a long hard process in Britain; however they were the first group of people to undergo this long process. The reason industrialization occurred in Britain was due simply to the fact that they had an astronomical jump in population. Within a one hundred year span, Britain’s population grew from 5.5 million in 1750 to over 16 million in 1851. The large population growth caused a great deal of economic and agricultural improvements for the British people. Farming was made easier and more efficient due to England undergoing a process of agricultural improvement that enabled fewer farmers to feed more people while cultivating the same amount of land. â€Å"People also migrated at an unprecedented rate- from the Countryside to the cities† (Bulliet, page 610). This caused a great population shift from the agricultural southeast to the midlands and t he north. Due to the fact that people started to search for jobs, a large portion of the population started to migrate to the midlands and the northern parts of the country; this gave a large source of inexpensive labor for the rich business owners to profit. (Bulliet, pages 609-612) A great deal of the British Industrialization was involved in the cloth and clothing industry. Britain was importing raw material such as cotton and silk from India, mass producing it, and then selling it back to India for an enormous profit. Now that urbanization brought a huge amount of the labor force to the factory towns and cities, this made it so that Britain could now produce more and more cloth and before they even knew it they were the largest producers of cloth in the world. (Bulliet pg.610) Historians propose a number of reasons for the cause of industrialization and modernization in Britain. Among the most persuasive is the enormous increase in food production following the establishment of the enclosure laws of the

Immanuel Kant and Ethical Dilemma Essay

Today there are many ethical dilemmas going on in the world, from companies’ misuse of funding or executives’ misuse of their title. Ethical behavior has to be an important part in having a company that will survive in society. There have been many philosophers that contributed to the ethical understanding we have today. On of the most influential philosophers in history of Western philosophy is Immanuel Kant. After his father’s death in 1755 Immanuel Kant continued his degree at the University of Konigsberg and studied philosophy, mathematics, and the natural sciences. Kant was a German philosopher that â€Å"believed that morality in all spheres of human life should be grounded in reason. His renowned â€Å"categorical imperative† held that: (1) people should act only according to maxims that they would be willing to see become universal norms (i. e. , the Golden Rule); and (2) people should never treat another human as a means to an end. † (Dave Mote; Karl Heil) â€Å"Kant’s theory implied the necessity of trust, adherence to rules, and keeping promises† (Dave Mote; Karl Heil). One of the major discussion points today in the news is Health Care Reform. The medical industry has had free reign for so long that an overhaul needs to be completed. Currently there are many points in the reform that are still not clear and causing confusion. Frustration will be caused between the individuals that will have to buy insurance, the companies that have to provide insurance and the insurance companies that have to provide pooling coverage. The policies may find be found to be difficult to uphold and people may feel that it may easier to take the penalty. According to Kant’s theory reform should be revamped again to that it will benefit all participants and not exclude any others. In my opinion Kant’s theory has contributed to companies instituting polices and procedures. These policies are developed so that staff members are not treated unfairly or discriminated against as well as employees working with guidelines to be successful. I also believe that when the company runs within ethical surroundings; management, mid and lower level employees; the company will be looked at as a place of distinction and most employees will behave and react in an ethical manner. References http://www. referenceforbusiness. com/encyclopedia/Bre-Cap/Business-Ethics. html. (Dave Mote; Karl Heil) http://www. thesunchronicle. com/articles/2010/10/11/columns/8075350. txt. (Anthony Tiatorio).

See the Best Architecture in Seattle, Washington

The architecture in Seattle, Washington tells a story not only of itself but of a nation. Exploration of the lands west of the Mississippi River increased in the 1800s when the city was first settled by Easterners of European descent. The California and Klondike gold rushes had a home base in the community named for Chief Seattle, leader of the local inhabitants. After the Great Fire of 1889 destroyed much of the original 1852 settlement, Seattle bounced back, eventually throwing itself into the modernity of the 20th century. Visiting the Pacific northwest city is like taking a crash course in architecture. Although well-known for the nearby snow-capped mountains and the beauty of the Pacific Ocean, the City of Seattle should be especially admired for its approach to design and urban planning. When tragedy strikes or when opportunity knocks, this American city has taken action. Seattle, Washington is a very smart city, and heres why. Seattle Takeaways: 10 Sites to See Smith TowerThe Arctic Club BuildingPioneer Square and Underground ToursVolunteer ParkPike Place Market Historical DistrictSeattle Public LibraryMoPOPHammering Man and Other ArtFloating Houses on Lake UnionThe Space Needle Get High in Seattle The 1914 Smith Tower is not the tallest skyscraper anymore, but it gives a great introduction to historic Pioneer Square and downtown Seattle. The pyramid roof used to contain a huge water tank to supply the building with indoor plumbing. Todays visitors can take an Otis elevator to the 35th floor observation deck to get a first glimpse of the city. The Seattle skyline is recognized by its iconic observation tower, the Space Needle. Completed in 1961, it was originally built for the Century 21 Exposition, also known as the 1962 Seattle Worlds Fair. At over 600 feet tall, the observation tower allows a 360 degree view of the region at 520 feet, from the distant Mount Rainier to the swervy metal Frank Gehry-designed museum nearby. This observation tower has become a symbol of Seattle and an icon of the Pacific Northwest. Higher still is the 902 foot observation deck at Columbia Center,  originally the Bank of America Tower built in 1985. As one of the top ten tallest buildings in Seattle and one of the the tallest buildings west of the Mississippi River, the Columbia Center offers the Sky View Observatory on the 73rd floor for sweeping views of the Seattle area. Like other great tourist destinations around the world, Seattle now has a huge ferris wheel located by the waters edge. Since 2012, the Great Wheel has been getting tourists high in enclosed gondolas that travel over land and water. Seattle Space Needle and Frank Gehrys Music Experience Project. George Rose/Getty Images Stay Low in Seattle Most of the original 1852 settlement — wooden structures that had been built on the low, marshy ground — was destroyed by the Great Fire of June 6, 1889. After the tragedy, the area was filled, raising the street level about eight feet. The Yukon Gold Rush of the 1890s brought business to the town, but the rebuilt storefronts eventually had to be built up to reach the street level, creating what is now known as Seattles underground. This entire area known as Pioneer Square was saved and preserved by local citizens such as Bill Speidel, who started giving tours in 1965. The underground tours begin at the historic Pioneer Square, near Doc Maynards public house. Who was Doc Maynard? Born in Vermont, Dr. David Swinson Maynard (1808-1873) befriended Chief Seattle and became one of the founding fathers of Seattle in 1852. Closer to ground level is the 1912 Volunteer Park, landscaped by a man who became known as the Father of Landscape Architecture. For over three decades, the Massachusetts landscape architecture business founded by Frederick Law Olmsted had a presence in Seattle. The city first bought this park land in 1876, and the Olmsted firm was on board early on. Volunteer Park, one of many parks in Seattle, now includes a famous water tower, conservatory, and an Asian Art Museum — all great Things to do in Capitol Hill. Pioneer Square Where Seattles Underground Tour Starts. Joel W. Rogers/Corbis via Getty Images (cropped) The Pioneer Square Historical District is at the heart of Seattle. After the Great Fire of 1889, Seattle laws mandated rebuilding with fire-resistant masonry. The Pioneer Building (1892) is a fine example of the kind of Richardsonian Romanesque style used to rebuild Seattle. The Cadillac Hotel (1889) is also one of the first masonry structures built in post-fire Pioneer Square. The three-story Victorian Italiante structure was built to house local laborers: longshoremen, loggers, fishermen, rail yard workers, and prospectors preparing to search for gold in Canada. Nearly destroyed by arson and the 2001 earthquake, the structure is now outfitted with solar panels and considered a textbook example of adaptive reuse. Although the building is said to be haunted, the Klondike National Historic Park is located here. Another popular destination in Seattle is the Pike Place Market Historical District. A farmers market since 1907, Pike Place now hosts hundreds of independent artisans in what is said to be the oldest continuously operating and most historically authentic public market in the country. Farmers Market Since 1907. Carol M. Highsmith Buyenlarge/Getty Images (cropped) Modern Designs by Famous Architects The 1991 Seattle Art Museum known as SAM was designed by the architecture team of Venturi, Scott Brown and Associates. Although the architecture is world class, the downtown campus may be better known for the 48-foot outdoor sculpture of Hammering Man by Jonathan Borofsky and the totally free Olympic Sculpture Park nearby. The Museum of Pop culture (MoPOP) used to be called the Experience Music Project (EMP) when it opened in 2000. This high-tech, interactive museum explores creativity and innovation in music, science fiction, and popular culture. It is the brain-child of Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen but the architecture is pure Frank Gehry. Take a quick look by riding the Seattle Center Monorail that goes right through the building. The Seattle Public Library built in 2004 is another deconstructivist design by the Dutch modernist architect Rem Koolhaas and American-born Joshua Prince-Ramus. Open to the public, the library represents the art and architecture that Seattles citizens have come to expect. Seattle Public Library. Ramin Talaie/Corbis via Getty Images Floating in Seattle Washington State has been called the floating bridge capitol of the world. Pontoon bridges that carry Interstate-90 traffic over Lake Washington are the 1940 Lacey V. Murrow Memorial Bridge and the 1989 Homer M. Hadley Bridge. How are they engineered? Large, water-tight concrete pontoons are prefabricated on dry land then towed onto the water. The heavy, air-filled containers are placed end-to-end, and connected by steel cables, which are anchored to the riverbed or lakebed. The road is built on top of these pontoons. Despite their heavy concrete composition, claims the Washington State Department of Transportation, the weight of the water displaced by the pontoons is equal to the weight of the structure (including all traffic), which allows the bridge to float. Lacey V. Murrow Memorial Bridge in Seattle. Atomic Taco via flickr.com, Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic (CC BY-SA 2.0) Staying in Seattle The Arctic Club built in 1916 played host to lucky prospectors returning to Seattle with Klondike gold. Known for its sculptured walrus heads and Beaux-Arts opulence, the Arctic Building is now a DoubleTree by Hilton. The first skyscraper built in Seattle still stands. The 14-story, L-shaped Alaska Building, built in 1904 was the first steel-framed skyscraper in Seattle. Now a Courtyard by Marriott, the Alaska is more Chicago School style than the Beaux-Arts Hoge Building, Seattles second skyscraper built in 1911. Both buildings were surpassed in height when L.C. Smith built his own skyscraper with the pyramid roof. Where do people live in Seattle? If youre lucky, youll own a perfect little house by Brachvogel and Carosso, a local architectural firm that continues to build functional, historically modern houses for the Seattle area. Modernist style in the Pacific northwest flourished in the mid-twentieth century. Enthusiasts of northwest modernism have documented the lives and works of over 100 architects and designers who are associated with Washington State. Likewise, the independent documentary film Coast Modern includes Seattle in their examination of West Coast Modernism. Seattle is part of the Coast Modern story say the filmmakers in their blog. Most unique to the housing in and around Seattle, however, is the number of houseboats being designed for residents and vacationers, especially in the Lake Union area. Called floating homes, these residences embrace Seattles natural environment and northwestern lifestyle of mixing work with pleasure. Houseboats on Lake Union. George Rose/Getty Images (cropped) The City of Seattle claims the International District to be the only area in the continental United States where Chinese, Japanese, Filipinos, African Americans and Vietnamese settled together and built one neighborhood. Living together has never been an easy path, however. In 2001 the William Kenzo Nakamura U.S. Courthouse was renamed for a Japanese-American war hero whose family was ordered to internment camps during World War II. The 1940 courthouse is an interesting building architecturally, being described as Classically modern, Federal Art Deco, and PWA Moderne by the General Services Administration (GSA). The PWA or Public Works Administration was part of the New Deal of the 1930s. When the federal government renovated the building in the 1980s, the GSAs Art in Architecture project commissioned Caleb Ives Bach to paint The Effects of Good and Bad Government, an American version of the 14th century Lorenzetti fresco. Another U.S. Courthouse in Seattle is well-known for large murals in the lobby painted by artist Michael Fajans. Seattle is not only an interesting mix of art and architecture, but also a fascinating brew of people and history. Sources City of Seattle. Historic Districts. http://www.seattle.gov/neighborhoods/programs-and-services/historic-preservation/historic-districtsGeneral Services Administration. William Kenzo Nakamura U.S. Courthouse, Seattle, WA. https://www.gsa.gov/historic-buildings/william-kenzo-nakamura-us-courthouse-seattle-waHistoric Seattle. History of the Cadillac Hotel. https://historicseattle.org/documents/cadillac_exhibit.PDFNational Park Service. A Short History of Seattle. https://www.nps.gov/klse/learn/historyculture/index.htmWashington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT). Floating bridge facts.http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/Projects/SR520Bridge/About/BridgeFacts.htm#floating