Journals of Puritans - 688 Words

Puritan journals offer some of the most rewarding insight into the daily life, social context, and worldview of the early colonists. The journals of Puritans differ considerably, especially according to gender. Gender roles were highly stratified, and Puritan journals reveal as much. Individual journals also offer compelling life stories told with literary flair. Their ability to use the narrative structure in their journals remains one of the most distinguishing features of the Puritan journals. For example, the journal of Mary Rowlandson describes her capture by the Native Americans, who the author describes as barbarous creatures. The story offers a riveting account of the real life encounter with the people that Puritans so feared for their perceived savagery and lack of commitment to the Christian God. In addition to their strong literary structure, one of the main characteristics of Puritan journals is their xenophobia. The Puritans were stalwart in their commitment to Christia n values, norms, and dogma. Descriptions of the encounters with Native Americans described in the Rowlandson journal are remarkably similar to the way that William Bradford describes the Romans treatment of Christ: bloody and barbarous persecutions of the Heathen Emperours. Connected with their xenophobia is the pilgrims concern with preserving their Christian identity and heritage. Christianity might be the most prevalent theme throughout Puritan life in general, which is expressed fullyShow MoreRelatedPuritanism And Its Effect On Society1457 Words   |  6 PagesStudies from â€Å"Puritanism/Religion† show that what set Puritanism apart from the rest was the way it was preached and the intense experience it gave many. The style and teaching of the Bible have evolved over time. According to the â€Å"Journal of Church and State,† the Puritans connected a covenant relationship with unifying themselves (2014). McMahon (n.d.) stated they wanted a pure church with the Word of God. Preachers In Salem The path to becoming a preacher started very early on in their lives. StatedRead MorePuritanism Covenant and the Perfect Society in New England1536 Words   |  7 PagesPuritanism Covenant and the Perfect Society in New England When the Puritans came to New England, they came to settle with a clear society in mind. Not only would this society be free from the persecution that they endured in Old England; it would be free to create what the leader of the religion referred to as a perfect society. In their attempt to escape the persecution they had come so accustomed to, they set up their own rigid belief system based on the inclusion of the human soul andRead MoreAnalysis Of Anne Bradstreet s Writing1105 Words   |  5 PagesAnne Bradstreet is a poet of the seventeenth century who has an extremely solid Puritan voice. The Puritans were an assembly of English Protestants that formed in the sixteenth century. The Puritans wanted to purify the church by following powerful, strict religious philosophies which later on earned them the name Puritans. They assumed that they were God’s chosen people and that they are an admirable example for the rest of the world, attempting to create a model for America. Bradstreet is one ofRead MoreEssay Role of Religion in Early American Literature619 Words   |  3 Pagesearliest settlers in America, the Puritans. The reason the Puritans had made the voyage across the Atlantic and to America was for reasons of practicing their faith and writing provided a means to lay down their expectations from their new life and the hard work needed to sustain life was enhanced by stories of fortitude and courage. The religious component of American literature can also be understood in relation to the strong influence exerted by the Puritans in the early years of settlementRead MoreAnalysis Of Young Goodman Brown1179 Words   |  5 Pagesthat â€Å"Hawthorne (1999) reveals the emotions and beliefs of any individual who may go through the same process by holding up a mirror to reflect the private psychological and spiritual experience of the protagonist, a puritan young man named Young Goodman Brown, questioning the puritan values of the community† (Kumra 2). These claims support that Hawthorne uses these psychological techniques to go deeper into the elusive aspect of human consciousness. Following this, it is hard to tie down NathanielRead MorePuritanism in American Literature Essay1149 Words   |  5 PagesPuritanism in American Literature The Puritans had a large influence in American literature and still influence moral judgment and religious beliefs in the United States to this day. Puritan writing was used to glorify God and to relate God more directly to our world. Puritan literature was commonly a realistic approach to life. â€Å"Puritanism as a historical phenomenon and as a living presence in American life has enriched American literature in ways far too numerous to detail here.† (GRead MoreA Model Of Christian Charity1525 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam J. Diaz Prof. Lopez English 473 March 4, 2015 â€Å"TITLE† A Model of Christian Charity is a sermon, or more of a simple speech delivered by Winthrop in order to inspire his fellow Puritans who sailed in order to settle in the New England. This speech was given in order to keep them committed to their new settlement. It was most probably not intended to be a timeless piece of literature that it became later on. John Winthrop’s â€Å"A Model of Christian Charity† is also known as â€Å"A City on a Hill†Read MoreWhat Can Historians Learn From This Document About How As Married Man Saw His Role As Head Of The1108 Words   |  5 Pagesof over fifty journals written over a twenty years period, of which seven originals remain. The purpose of this document is described in Grell (2016 p.81) as a means of private and later public record relating of Wallington’s reflections of his religious struggle for salvation as a sinner that believes he belongs to the â€Å"Elect†, those predestined for salvation. This autobi ographical work provided historians with primary source of evidence of the thoughts and beliefs of a Puritan married man, andRead MoreReis, Elizabeth.Damned Women: Sinners And Witches In Puritan1363 Words   |  6 PagesWitches in Puritan New England. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1997. Thesis: Reis argues that through reading about the colonial Puritan s conception of sin and Satan, readers will expand their cultural and historical understanding of how people act on their religious belief...and how those religiously informed actions both reflect and prescribe their own particular gender arrangements, often to the detriment of women (10). In short, women were negatively affected by the Puritan beliefRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1141 Words   |  5 Pagesweek 2 discussion: â€Å"Bradstreet’s poems about her family show her skeptical readers that her poetry didn’t take precedence over her family. This helped her maintain a better reputation as a Puritan woman, even with a published book of poems. Pattie Cowell explains that Bradstreet’s poems reflected the â€Å"Puritan spiritual and communal vision that informed her life† (419) Cowell goes on to point out that Bradstreet only writes her poems as a reaction to the events in her life, r ather than attempting

Analysis Of Jackson s The Lottery - 899 Words

Analysis of Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† In the story â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson, we see the different literary elements she uses to unfold her story. Literary elements help readers to interpret and appreciate the works of a writer. In this Essay I will show you the three most prominent literary elements that were used, and how they add to the suspense, and surprise of the story. These literary elements are point of view, theme, and tone and style. The first literary element of this story is the point of view, and how the writer uses a third-person narrative style to tell this story. This gives the writer the ability to give details, but not make any real judgments. When you read the story you feel as if you are there watching what is happening, looking over the shoulders of the crowd, but not able to know what the people are thinking. In this story we get an example of how the writer is detached in a way. We don’t get to know what the characters are feeling just what their actions are telling us, like when they choose to whisper instead of talking at normal volume, or how nervous they seem as the lottery progresses. This writing style leaves little if any room to get attached to a character. This however is a smart move by Jackson, because if the story was told from a villager’s point of view it could have been far less effective. When we read we just read about the events of the lottery unfolding. This narrative point of view adds to the shock factor when we find outShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis Of Shirley Jackson s They Lottery 878 Words   |  4 Pagesstory, â€Å"They Lottery† by Shirley Jackson, the absence of tradition can make some uneasy. The story reflects conformity by the villagers with a bizarre ritual that suggests how dangerous tradition can be when people follow it blindly. Every June 27th, the villagers of a quaint town believe the prize of winning an annual lottery is sacrificing one of their own to ensure a good harvest. They are so blasà © about the event they agree to â€Å"get it over with† so they â€Å"can go back to work† (Jackson 92). TheRead MoreAnalysis Of Shirley Jackson s The Lottery Essay878 Words   |  4 PagesJackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† Born on December 14, 1916, in San Francisco, California, Shirley Jackson was an American author whose novels and short stories are still relevant today. Jackson grew up in California and moved East with her family when she was 17 years old. She began her college career at the University of Rochester, withdrew for one year to practice her writing skills at home, and then enrolled at Syracuse University in New York. She graduated from Syracuse in 1940. Jackson wrote manyRead MoreAnalysis Of Shirley Jackson s The Lottery 894 Words   |  4 Pagesinto something magnificent is what author Shirley Jackson achieved with her short story â€Å"The Lottery†. The short story is a brilliant view on tradition. What is normally thought to be a game of joy and winnings is turned into a horrifying ritual that has been blindly executed throughout the years with little reasoning behind it. Though multiple themes tend to arise in stories such as this, the theme â€Å"Fear of changeâ €  is the most obvious idea that Jackson seemed to want to get across to the audience. ThisRead MoreAnalysis Of Shirley Jackson s The Lottery 880 Words   |  4 PagesShirley Jackson uses irony as a theme to create this almost perfect story where there is an unexpected twist. Jackson’s short story â€Å"The Lottery† is sickening, horrific and intense. This shocking story is about a small town that has all the members’ participate in an annual lottery. Unlike all normal lotteries the winner receives death by stoning rather than a cash prize, as the story advance Tessie places her children in danger to have a better chance at survival. This lottery seems to have no limitRead MoreAnalysis Of Shirley Jackson s The Lottery Essay1463 Words   |  6 Pages Shirley Jackson is able to convey a deeper understanding of sexism, misogyny, patriarchy, and various gender roles implied by society through the illustration of a corrupt tradition. By breaking down these co re concepts in a way which the reader can better comprehend, both Gayle Whittier and Fritz Oehlschlaeger are able to emphasize misogyny and the unfair treatment of women within the short story â€Å"The Lottery.† The patriarchal society is pronounced in the very first few paragraphs of the taleRead MoreAnalysis Of Shirley Jackson s The Lottery 1883 Words   |  8 Pagesthe festivities of tradition. Whether it is decorating a tree, lighting up the menorah or preparing for the karamu feast, these events serve as a celebration for the end of the year and preserve their culture. In Shirley Jackson’s short story â€Å"The Lottery†, the villagers from an unknown town perform an action to preserve their culture. This small, homely and rural area believe that if they commit a certain deed annually, good crops will be bestowed upon them. The event happens on June 27th, at a timeRead MoreAnalysis Of Shirley Jackson s The Lottery, And Kurt Vonnegut Jr. s Harrison Bergeron1604 Words   |  7 PagesA common theme of placing societal influences over personal values and beliefs can be found in Shirley Jackson’s, â€Å"The Lottery†, and Kurt Vonnegut Jr.’s â€Å"Harri son Bergeron†. These short stories describe situations in which the citizens allow the superiors to have full control, without thinking twice about the laws and traditions that require their submission. Both of these short stories are similar in theme, because each tells about a community that chooses to participate in cruel and inhumane traditionsRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson1438 Words   |  6 PagesWriter Shirley Jackson was born in 1916 in San Francisco, California. Among her early works was The Lottery.Do not be fooled by this name.The Lottery was the highly controversial and famous tale about a village that partakes in an annual death ritual. On June 26, 1948, subscribers to The New Yorker received a new issue of the magazine in the mail. There was nothing to outwardly indicate that it would be any different, or any more special, than any other issue. But inside was a story that editorsRead MoreSymbolism in The Lottery, by Shirley Jackson Essay example1173 Words   |  5 PagesWhen most people play the lottery today, they think about having wealth. Generally, people who win are happy about it whether they win one dollar or a million. The lottery in our society has grown to support education and it is often worth several million dollars. Usually, the winner of the lottery gains a lot of recognition for the money they win. But what would happen if there was a small town where people held a yearly lottery in which the â€Å"winner† was the member of the town who was not sacrificedRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of The Lottery By Shirley Jackson1534 Words   |  7 Pages Literary Analysis: â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson is a short story written in 1948. Due to World War II ending around this time, her story took some strong criticism. The people at that time wanted uplifting stories, and this story is the very opposite because of its underlying theme of tradition and conformity. â€Å"The Lottery† shows that no matter the tradition or belief, people will not stray from their daily routine because humans are creatures of habit

Cloningwhatisit Essay Research Paper CloningWhat is CloningCloning free essay sample

Cloning_what_is_it? Essay, Research Paper Cloning What is Cloning? Cloning is the production of one or more single workss or animate beings that are genetically indistinguishable to another works or animate being. Nature itself is the greatest cloning agent. In about one of every 75 human constructs, the fertilized egg cell splits for some unknown ground and produces monozygotic ( indistinguishable ) twins. Each has a familial make-up identical to the other. Two really different processs have been referred to as # 8220 ; cloning # 8221 ; : ? Embryo cloning has been successfully carried out for old ages on many species of animate beings. Some limited experimentation has been done on human embryos. ? Adult DNA cloning has been used to clone a sheep, but was non tried on worlds until December 1998. How is Embryo Cloning is Done? Human embryo cloning starts with a criterion in vitro fertilization process. Sperm and an egg cell are assorted together on a glass dish. After construct, the fertilized ovum ( fertilised egg ) is allowed to develop into a blastosphere ( a hollow mass of cells ) . The fertilized ovum divides foremost into two cells, so four, so eight # 8230 ; A chemical is added to the dish to take the # 8220 ; zona pellucida # 8221 ; covering. This stuff provides foods to the cells to advance cell division. With the covering removed, the blastosphere is divided into single cells, which are deposited on single dishes. They are so coated with an unreal zone pellucida and allowed to split and develop. The experiment by Sillman showed that the best consequences could be obtained by disrupting the fertilized ovum at the two-cell phase. Many of these braces of fertilized ovums were able to develop to the 32-cell phase, but no farther. They might good hold had the possible to develop further and even maturate into a feasible fetus, except that the original egg cell was faulty and would hold died anyhow. For ethical grounds, the research workers selected embryos which had no possibility of of all time maturating into fetuss, and therefore into newborn babes. How is Adult DNA Cloning Done? With the exclusion of the sperm and egg, every cell in the organic structure contains all of the familial stuff in its Deoxyribonucleic acid to theoretically make an exact ringer of the original organic structure. But cells have been # 8220 ; biochemically programmed to execute limited functions. # 8221 ; The other maps are turned off. Most scientists had believed that such differentiated cells could non be reprogrammed to be capable of acting as a fertilized egg. In the instance of the sheep # 8220 ; Dolly? , a cell was taken from mammary tissue of a mature 6 twelvemonth old sheep while its DNA was in a hibernating province. It was fused with a sheep egg cell which had had its nucleus removed. The # 8220 ; fertilised # 8221 ; cell was so stimulated with an electric pulsation. Out of 277 efforts at cell merger, on ly 29 began to split. These were all implanted in Ewe. 13 became pregnant but merely one lamb, Dolly, was born. History of Cloning Cloning has had a reasonably long history: ? The first successful cloning experiment involved a leopard toad. It took topographic point in, 1952 with group of scientist from the Institute for Cancer Research in Philadelphia. To clone the toad they used an embryologic toad cell karyon ? In 1962, John Gurdon of Cambridge University cloned a frog that survive threw maturity and was able to reproduce. He was besides the first to take a karyon from a to the full contrast tadpole intestinal cell and cloned frogs ( Robertson ) ? In 1981, Steen Willadsen was the first to clone an unreal Chimera. He did this by blending a sheep and a caprine animal acquiring the consequence of a # 8220 ; geep # 8221 ; . It had the organic structure form and the caput of a caprine animal, and a dappled coat which had big spots of sheep # 8217 ; s wool ? In 1984, Willadsen cloned the first verifiable mammal, utilizing embryologic karyon graft into an unfertilized sheep egg ? In 1986, when Willadsen worked for Texas bioengineering company, he produced the first cloned calves from cowss by utilizing the embryologic karyon. The cloned cowss that were produced were super-elite, high production dairy cattles and bulls who had a high genteelness rate ? In 1987, James Robl of the University of Massachusetts was the first to clone coneies besides utilizing embryologic karyon Traveling by these past events, who can state when we will be able to clone human variety meats or complete # 8220 ; biocopies # 8221 ; of human existences by utilizing merely the karyon taken from a skin sample. Advantages and Disadvantages Cloning has many more advantages than disadvantages. Through cloning, you could assist 1000s of people and animate beings. Some of the ways that people could be helped are: ? Wholly cut down organ giver lists ? Bring back endangered species ? Allows dairy merchandises to be enriched. For illustration, cloning provides scientists a method to engineer cattles to bring forth certain medical specialties or enzymes in there milk ? Cure life endangering diseases and fix decorative defects ? Produce new, fresh tissue for burn victims, or new nervus tissue for Burnss or endorse hurts ? Produce new bosom cells for people with bad Black Marias There are besides disadvantages of cloning, they are: ? Taking God? s work into our ain custodies ? Have an impact on the diminution in familial assortment ? If we of all time lost the ability to clone, we would hold to fall back to natural reproduction, doing us to inbreed, which could be black ? If everyone had the same familial information, one disease could pass over out a whole population

Workplace Strategy Proposal Management †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: What Are The External And Internal Driving And Restraining Forces For Change? How Have You Assessed The Risks? What Are The Weaknesses And Threats Of Your Strategy? What Are The Strengths And Opportunities Presented By Your Strategy? What Specific Strategies Or Actions Will Deal With The Specific Challenges Of Your Plan? What Is Your Time-Line? Do Some Strategies Have To Be Implemented Before Others? What Are The Clear Roles And Responsibilities Of Individuals And Groups? Answers: Introducation Workplace strategies are developed with the view of generating changes in the organization to achieve further success or to counter present failure. Every strategy should have a certain audience or group (Chu et al. 2016). Located in Bunbury region, (WA), Total Chemicals is a chemical company of medium size. Founded by George Smith, this company used to generate strain of vaccination which are proved to be effective in treating whopping cough in cows. George Smith strengthened research and development activities of the company in order to explore suitable and cost effective raw materials for the vaccination. Next leaders failed to maintain the standard George initiated in the company and presently concentrating on chemical products closely associated with agricultural goods and industrial solvents adhesives. Profit margin of this company is falling gradually even with the considerable hike on the sales of the products. 700 employees work in this company, while 52% of this workforce are with the company for more than 15 years of time. Employees of this company are close linked with the two active unions, namely, Australian Workers Union (AWU) and Association of Professional Engineers, Scientists and Managers, Australia (APESMA). Australia's oldest and largest trade union Australian Workers Union represents workers of different fields and segments, like, manufacturing, agriculture, plastics and chemicals, state public services, local government, construction, health, hospitality, aquaculture, events etc. Manufacturing opportunities are currently moving overseas; hence employment done on the basis of contracts through AWU now-a-days. As the largest non-profit organization of Australia, Association of Professional Engineers, Scientists and Managers, Australia is representing more than 25000 workers. They play an important role in the employment of middle to high level workers in different industries. Considering the downturn of the company, the current board of directors has chosen Mr Black as the new CEO of the organization by replacing Mr. White. Mr. Black and his management team come up with new radical ideas with an aim to increase the productivity of the organization. Presently, they are running far below than their other competitors in the market. Growing pressure of the environmental authorities is creating obligations of flexible production with huge environment taxes and regulations (Dechezleprtre and Sato, 2017). Their market in Asia is quite more flexible than Australian market due to lack of environmental legislations there. Management, by intervening situations, put their focus on maintaining or increasing company's productivity along with the introduction of cost effective strategies with a view of profit maximization. Productivity plans of Mr. Black and his management team are generating stress among the board of members. In the same way, they are also concerned ab out the future of the organization. They made an effort to analyse the effectiveness of Mr. Black's radical planning strategy in the development of the organization. As per the requirement of this assignment, 'Management-union cooperation in Workplace' perspective has been nominated. Chosen Perspective: Management-union cooperation in Workplace: Mr. Grey, a workplace relations consultant, has been appointed by the board of directors. Board of directors are intending to introduce a plan which not necessarily causes disruption in the organization (Currie et al. 2016). That is why, they are depending on the consultancy of Mr. Grey in helping them to come out of this hazardous situation. Mr. Grey explores several facts and has started analysing facts to prepare an effective strategy for the development of Total Chemicals. Mr. Grey should consider the position of the management, workers and unions in the development of the organization. Background of the organization are closely connected with different social, economic, environmental and political factors of the nation. Mr. Grey should be able interpret the influences of those factors in the development of the organization. History of failure of the organization should be studied to understand how the profit margin of the organization decreased with time (Dobbins and Dundon, 201 6). Strategies of George Smith should also be considered in this regard. Identify your strategys goal and specific outcomes After exploring the performance and background of the organization, Mr. Grey has started to frame strategy proposal for the organization. He identifies the goals of this strategy in regard to the development of the organization. Partially keeping some of the strategies of Mr. Black, Mr. Grey offers a plan with slight modification. He seconded the technological planning of Mr. Black. He emphasizes on developing a inspection unit by engaging numbers of experienced workers of the organization (Grant, 2016). This group will be responsible for the selection of raw materials. He opposed the redundancy program of Mr. Black, as this can cause unrest incidences among the workforce. Instead of cutting jobs, he suggests to reduce the amount of bonus and other production costs. Strategys goal: To achieve 6% profit margin in next 3 years To make Total Chemicals a better workplace for the workers and other stakeholders To encourage joint participation of management and union; take decisions harmoniously To introduce new research and development plan to assess new source of opportunities Outcome of this strategy involves ultimate involvement of the management and unions (McCormack and Johnson, 2016). Organizational workforce should accept the strategy in order to make out desired outcome from it. Appropriate action plan should be framed to utilize the strategy. Outcome is nothing but the product of plans and performances. There are different potential external and internal driving forces influencing changes in the organization. In order to facilitate change, new strategy should be able control the influences of these factors (Leonidou et al. 2017). Industrial relations system: Industrial relations involve the interests and contribution of management, unions, workers, board of directors, competitors, suppliers, customers and etc in the development of the organization (Johnston and Marshall, 2016). Strategy should be able to meet the needs of all. Practice of ethical codes of conduct is necessary in addressing the needs of the stakeholders. Industry: The plastic and chemical industry of Australia has a promising and sustainable future. It employs almost 83000 people across the Australia. Different supply chains, research activities are related with this industry. It supplies their products health care, educational, technological and other organizations. This industry holds 10% share of Australia's manufacturing activities. So, there is potential scope for Total Chemicals if they are implementing properly strategies and planning. Alternative employment: Alternative employment involves the concepts of part time workers, seasonal workers, contractual workers etc ((Leonidou et al. 2016). It also states the overtime arrangements of the organization in increasing the productivity of the organization and decreasing the production costs as well. Workforce of an organization is most important resources. Management should understand their importance in the development of the organization. Community: Australian Workers Union and Association of Professional Engineers, Scientists and Managers, Australia (APESMA) are two important and effective community connected with the workforces of the organization. Apart from these two, various informal communities come into existence as per the needs and scarcities of the workers. These communities have strong networks and can be utilized in the development of the organization. Different communities work for the interests of their own (Johnston and Marshall, 2016). Government: Total Chemicals should work according to laws and legislations of the nation. Illegal and unethical practices can be detrimental to the development of the organization. Strategies should be match the environmental regulations of the nation (Leonidou et al. 2017). In Australia, local government plays an important role in controlling the activities of the organizations. Management of Total Chemicals should consider the responses of local government in this regard. Risks are assessed through understanding the seriousness of this situation in the organization (Thakor, 2016). Mr. Grey identifies risks while exploring several avenues of his strategy. Grey initiates discussion with management staffs, board of directors, workers to understand different issues and interests present in the organization. Potential risks are as follows- Technological advancements risks Production risks Financial risks Clash between union and management Relevant predictions should be made to counter the influence of risks in the development of the organization. Not cutting the jobs of the employees of the organization, can be considered as biggest weaknesses of this strategy. Redundancy program, though not useful for the employees, is quite beneficial to cut the production costs of the organization in the time of crisis (Torabi et al. 2016). Organization should think about an effective way to maintain the costs of these employees. This strategy fails to provide concrete solutions that how this organization will be able to maintain its product cost. Secondly, this strategy fails to consider the negative influences of union in the production process of the organization. Potential strengths and opportunities associated with this strategy are as follow- Technological advancements can be considered as one of the most potential strengths of this strategy. It can reduce the hazardous incidences of accidents in the organization (Chaves, 2016). It can facilitate smooth and timely production and can achieve both employee and customer satisfaction by earning satisfactory profit margin for the organization. Cancelation of the Redundancy plans can ensure the loyalty of the workers towards the organization. It can reduce the influences of unions among the decisions of the workers. Introduction of research and development activities can be considered another strength of this strategy (Svensson et al. 2016). Research and development activities are closely connected with the foundation of the organization. This special touch may help the organization to reach its previous height. Introduction of Inspection group may prove to beneficial to the development of the organization (Chaves, 2016). Employees may enjoy this new role and become motivated towards the activities of the organization. Technological implementation may cause incidences of unrest in the organization (Al Shobaki et al. 2017). Employees of the organization use outdated machineries in the production process of the organization. These machines are slow and inefficient in production. But employees are well accustomed with the use of those outdated machines. They may oppose this advancement programs by withdrawing their co-operation. Unions may play a manipulating role in influencing the behaviour of the employees in the organization. In this condition, loyalty of the employees may save the situation. The emphasis given on the human resources of the organization can act positively in this regard. Trainings should provided by the organization to help them to adopt new technological advancements (Wieland et al. 2017). Employee counselling tool can be very much effective to mould responses of the employees in a productive way. Harmonious co-operation between management and unions will reduce the cases of grie vances in the organization. Profit target adopted in this strategy will keep the management and employees motivated in imparting best performance in the organization. Strategy covers the period of three years. In these three years, Total Chemicals needs to prepare itself for better achievements. Big target periods can be divided into short term goals to make it goal oriented and effective (Csaszar and Levinthal, 2016). Short term goals and related actions should be assessed and evaluated by responsible authorities. New strategies are born from the ideas of old ones. Strategies of George Smith, Mr. White and Mr. Black have been utilized to develop a new one. Mr. Grey does not discard all the plans of Mr. Black as some of them are effective and beneficial to the development of the organization. Research and development activities, initiated by George Smith led the foundation of the organization. Contribution and strategies of old CEOs helped the organization to survive and sustain in different times. New strategy should consider the relevancies of all in the implementation of new strategy. Resources needed for the implementation of the strategy developed by Mr. Grey are as follows- Human Resources: Different kinds of workforces are required to work according to the strategies of Mr. Grey (Reiche et al. 2016). Inspectors are needed to inspect the quality of the raw materials going to be used in the production process of the organization. Technological resources: New advanced machineries should be there to match the requirement of the strategy. Organization should provide trainings to help the employees to adopt new technologies. Knowledge Resources: Board of directors and management team should explore relevant knowledge to act more effectively with the new strategy of the organization. Financial Resources: Organization should be able to convince their financial partners to rely upon their strategies and to support them with financial aids (Reiche et al. 2016). Agreements with the stakeholders are also crucial in this regard. Community Resources: Organization also require local community resources in the implementation of strategic planning. Support and approval of local government is vital in this regard. Individuals and groups related to the strategic planning of the organization are follows- Board of Directors: Strategic decision making, research and development initiatives, developing networks, providing secure and pleasant working atmosphere to the employees of the organization (Dawson, 2017) Management Team: Planning, organizing, controlling, evaluating, implementing in the organizational context and to facilitate development, providing secure and pleasant working atmosphere to the employees of the organization Unions: Taking care of the interests of the employees and preventing the incidences of discrimination, Generating peaceful working atmosphere (Dawson, 2017) Chemical Engineers: Facilitating technological changes in the organization, providing training to the staff members of the organization Production managers and supervisors: Imparting the roles and responsibilities of strategic planning and Concentrating on self assessment and self development (Dawson, 2017) Inspectors: Inspecting the quality of the raw materials and final goods of the organization Labourers: Following the orders of the production managers and supervisors under the rules and regulation of the organization. References: Al Shobaki, M.J., Amuna, Y.M.A. and Naser, S.S.A., 2017. Strategic and Operational Planning As Approach for Crises Management Field Study on UNRWA. Chaves, M.G.F., 2016. Improving Management Students' Skills in Framing" Thought-Provoking Questions": An Action Research.International Journal of Business and Information,11(1), p.27. Chu, A.H.Y., Ng, S.H.X., Tan, C.S., Win, A.M., Koh, D. and Mller?Riemenschneider, F., 2016. A systematic review and meta?analysis of workplace intervention strategies to reduce sedentary time in white?collar workers.Obesity Reviews,17(5), pp.467-481. Csaszar, F.A. and Levinthal, D.A., 2016. Mental representation and the discovery of new strategies.Strategic Management Journal,37(10), pp.2031-2049. Currie, D., Gormley, T., Roche, B. and Teague, P., 2016. The management of workplace conflict: Contrasting pathways in the HRM literature.International Journal of Management Reviews. Dawson, D., 2017. Measuring Individuals Virtues in Business.Journal of Business Ethics, pp.1-13. Dechezleprtre, A. and Sato, M., 2017. The impacts of environmental regulations on competitiveness.Review of Environmental Economics and Policy,11(2), pp.183-206. Dobbins, T. and Dundon, T., 2016. Workplace Cooperation at Aughinish Alumina. InDeveloping Positive Employment Relations(pp. 229-247). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Grant, R.M., 2016.Contemporary Strategy Analysis Text Only. John Wiley Sons. Johnston, M.W. and Marshall, G.W., 2016.Sales force management: Leadership, innovation, technology. Routledge. Leonidou, L.C., Christodoulides, P. and Thwaites, D., 2016. External Determinants and Financial Outcomes of an Eco?friendly Orientation in Smaller Manufacturing Firms.Journal of Small Business Management,54(1), pp.5-25. Leonidou, L.C., Christodoulides, P., Kyrgidou, L.P. and Palihawadana, D., 2017. Internal drivers and performance consequences of small firm green business strategy: the moderating role of external forces.Journal of Business Ethics,140(3), pp.585-606. McCormack, K.P. and Johnson, W.C., 2016.Supply chain networks and business process orientation: advanced strategies and best practices. CRC Press. Reiche, B.S., Mendenhall, M.E. and Stahl, G.K. eds., 2016.Readings and cases in international human resource management. Taylor Francis. Svensson, G., Hgevold, N.M., Petzer, D., Padin, C., Ferro, C., Klopper, H.B., Sosa Varela, J.C. and Wagner, B., 2016. Framing stakeholder considerations and business sustainability efforts: a construct, its dimensions and items.Journal of Business Industrial Marketing,31(2), pp.287-300. Thakor, A.V., 2016. The highs and the lows: a theory of credit risk assessment and pricing through the business cycle.Journal of Financial Intermediation,25, pp.1-29. Torabi, S.A., Giahi, R. and Sahebjamnia, N., 2016. An enhanced risk assessment framework for business continuity management systems.Safety science,89, pp.201-218. Wieland, H., Hartmann, N.N. and Vargo, S.L., 2017. Business models as service strategy.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, pp.1-19.

The Big Lebowski Essay Example For Students

The Big Lebowski Essay All of the relationships among the elements in the film the Big Lebowski may seem to be enigmatic with each other, but this style of film creates an integrated system of disunity. The Coen brothers demonstrate this style through various motifs through out the film, from the main characters name to what he drinks. The film is a perfect example of a film which has the theme of disunity. In the film the main character Jeffery Lebowski, refers to himself as the Dude. This element of the story becomes a motif. The Dude is referred to, and refers to himself as the Dude because it represents his personality, which is an easygoing cool character. The common Western society slang which is associated with the word dude, is male prostitute. In the scene where the Dude returns home after being arrested in Malibu, he find himself engaging in sexual intercourse at the request of Mod Lebowski. After they finish, Mod explains to the Dude that she was using him to concede a child. We will write a custom essay on The Big Lebowski specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Obviously he was not given money in exchange for sexual favours but, the Dude, much similar to real prostitutes was used for sex. The Dude is continuously used by his friends and business associates through out the whole film. Although presented as a laidback cool character, the Dudes title is representative of how he is seen by everyone around him. In the film, Bowling is seen as a mans activity, a place where go to compete and get away from the world. In the bowling alley there is never a female present in the shot within any scene. This motif is reinforced during the scene entitled Gutter Balls. In the Dudes trip-out it starts off as a bowling spoof pornographic film, which can also be considered a male thing. It has shots of floating bowling pins and balls rearranged in numerous sexual positions, where the pins represent the male genitalia. Further on in the dream, Mod, who is a strong independent character, is represented by Viking costume she is wearing. Contrary to this, she still required help from the Dude when bowling. In the Big Lebowski bowling is seen as a male dominated activity. During the scene where the Dude and Mod Lebowski engage in sexual intercourse, the Dude pores himself a White Russian. The Dude explains that the alcohol and marijuana helps him think. Im keeping on a very strict drug regiment to ahh, keep my ahh, mind limber. This is shown when almost immediately after he smokes his marijuana and pours his White Russian he figures out where big Lebowskis money is. In contrast to this, the drugs and alcohol can also be seen as an obstacle in the Dudes effort to solve the case. At one point the Dude crashes his car after spilling his drink and dropping a lit joint onto his lap. In another scene the Dude is arrested because his White Russian was drugged. Drugs and alcohol become a paradox of the Dudes success. With these motifs in mind we are able to see that the Coen brothers used different motifs show any number of different things about the film. They are able to mesh together themes of masculinity to societys views of the weak. With this, the Big Lebowski has a theme which can only be called eclectic.

12 Angry Men Essays

12 Angry Men Essays 12 Angry Men Paper 12 Angry Men Paper Essay Topic: 12 Angry Men Play This essay will be discussing the methods used to increase and decrease tension by the playwright Reginald Rose in the play 12 Angry Men. The play takes place on a blazing hot day in the middle of July, and begins as some Jurors enter the jury room to discuss a murder committed by a young man. The jurors begin light conversation as they enter the small, hot and cramped room and find their seats. They begin discussing the murder, and soon it is clear that the majority of the jurors believe the young man to be guilty and that they have no desire to sit and deliberate, they would rather talk about a baseball game, which starts at 7pm that evening. Although they seem keen to dismiss the case with a guilty verdict, Juror 8 stands up and declares that there is room for reasonable doubt. He would like to examine the evidence thoroughly. Eventually this Juror persuades the others that the accused is not guilty. Throughout the play, the playwright uses this conflict to inflame and reduce the tension. Reginald Rose uses a few methods to increase and decrease tension. We can firstly tell by the little things he uses. Some of these consist of the room being cramped and stuffy, the fan not working, and the weather. The different moods of the characters also make tension. Small things like these cut the tension in noticeable ways. The weather changes at one point into lightning, thunder and heavy rain and the fan starting to work. These examples break the tension that has been building in the room. Whilst this is happening the mood of the jurors change too. As we know, this scene is set on a very hot day; coincidentally, we see that there is going to be tension because Juror 7 says, This is the hottest day of the year. To make even more tension, we see that in this tiny room, a juror is sweating and tries to turn on the fan, which doesnt seem to work, making the already blazing hot room even hotter. The atmosphere is unstable because the heat makes the jurors insecure. The hot weather continues to make an impact on the mood. In Act 1, Juror 6 says, What a murderous day, which is commenting on the weather and is a pun on the case itself being about murder. In Act 2 the weather turns bad, the vote is still guilty, so they take another vote. The vote is even: 6-6. At the same time the weather gets cool again and the foreman says Wow! Look at that come down, will ya? Think itll cool things off? Juror 8 replies Yeah, I guess so. This signifies to the audience and the reader that the tension has broken. When the play ends the rain stops and the skies clear showing that the tension has been released and they have succeeded in breaking it. The jury room is set in a random way There is a bathroom which is used to release tension; there are also other objects about the room which are used to increase and decrease tension. For example, the fan only works after the tension is released as the weather becomes cooler and the vote becomes 6-6. This can all reflect the jurors calm. The knife that Juror 8 leaves jammed in the table is a reminder of the tension that has been. It is revealed that the jurors are all different types of people with totally different backgrounds. They are regular Americans, representing different strands of opinion in 1950s America. Tension increases in the play as each characters personality and nature are revealed. However, this brought out the truth everyone as they all displayed their true emotions throughout the play. In conclusion, I think that the author used successful methods to increase and decrease tension. In the first half of the play there is much tension and emotion as the jurors fight and contradict Juror 8. At the beginning of the play, the use of weather increases tension and this breaks when the group votes 6-6. You can see this reflected in the jurors: for example, Juror 3 is dark with rage after he shouts Ill Kill him, Ill Kill him! at the end of Act 1. The jury room also adds to the tension when the guard outside locks the door. A juror says, I never knew they locked the door. This creates a feeing of panic and claustrophobia. Objects in the room itself play their part, such as the water cooler, where jurors go to cool down after an argument. This decreases tension as well. Overall, the playwright is successful in his aim.

WAVE AND TIDAL POWER Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

WAVE AND TIDAL POWER - Assignment Example tilizing wind energy through on-shore and off-shore wind farms has been one of the rapid growing kinds of renewable energy in the past decade (Avato at al. 56). In order to harness the wave and tidal energy, there is a need for a specific design and manufacture of efficient equipment to exploit natural energy flows. One challenge in the field is the up-front investment which is huge although the fuel may be free and the waste products low. The efficiency of designs put in place is determined by the distance they are placed from shore which could either be shoreline, offshore or near-shore. Planning and permitting are very essential in deploying tidal/wave energy technology because there are issues like environmental, health and safety issues and other sea user disputes. In terms of products, services chains and infrastructure need to be in place to enhance competition and avoid shortages (Elghali, Benbouzid and Charpentier 1407-1412). This implies that the percentage rate of change in carbon dioxide emissions is equal to the rate of change in carbon dioxide emissions per unit energy plus the rate of change in energy essentials per unit output plus the rate of change in output per capital plus the rate of change in the population. For most developing countries, emissions are higher unless energy efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions per unit energy change to offset growth in per capita output and population. The developing countries with fast growing populations, pressure for economic growth will make it inconvenient to direct capital on investments with maximum greenhouse gas emissions compared to those with lower greenhouse gas emissions (Bruce 27). Population is not considered in policy debates on climate changes, and studies in the past ten years have added significant to comprehending the complexity and mechanisms of population and climate interactions. Moreover, the development total population size, study indicate that changes in population make-up

Simon Piasecki's Performance of Fizz Bomb Essay

Simon Piasecki's Performance of Fizz Bomb - Essay Example Moreover, the "Fizz Bomb" performance represents a series of video arts named "Lessons in Language" which was first aired at Shunt, London in June 2008 (Piasecki, 2008). We can divide provisionally the performance into two parts. The first part finishes in the moment of the explosion. The second begins when the fizzy drink has been made. There are several concepts illustrated in the first part of "Fizz Bomb". Let me start with the language and its references. As "Fizz Bomb" is part of the overall idea of "Lessons in Language" it suggests that the performance seeks to convey the language barrier conception. We all have heard about the biblical city of Babel and its tower. The story narrates how people united by a common language decided to erect a tower with the intention that they will reach heaven and will be closer to God. God saw the construction of the power as a symbol of pride, as people got more skilled and shared their ideas. He said that people become distanced from their creator and in order to give them a lesson God confused their language, causing misunderstanding so that people were unable to finish the construction of the tower. Piasecki employed this biblical narration to show that the audience can not understand his Manchester Butcher's Slang and presumably, they may misunderstand his int... Verbal comprehension is vital for the social communication and all other varieties of conversations. The impossibility to reach out and grasp other people's thoughts leads to the destruction of human relations. This destruction is best depicted by the hidden facial expressions. Communication besides verbal can also be non-verbal. With hiding his face behind a knitted mask Piasecki indicates that the miscommunication with his audience is absolute. He puts a boundary between himself and the viewer. The other concept expressed in the first part of "Fizz Bomb" is the consequences of the misunderstanding. Piasecki does this through his garment. The clothes are combination of the kamikaze warrior bomb vest and the bullet-proven vest. Those two antipodes also symbolize the good and bad side of human nature. Once you might be the hunter and once you might be hunted. If you are misunderstood people can point you out as kamikaze. If you follow the rules, you are subject to attack by those who rebel, so you wear the bullet-proven vest. Simon Piasecki had a profound understanding about the current war conflicts and wanted to describe them in the minutest detail, in simple, clear way. My comprehension is that war conflicts are based on language barrier which creates hostility because people are unaware of the cultural, religious and verbal expression that other nations use. People hide behind stereotypes of kamikaze people and those who have to protect against them. The lack of zest to overcome this language boundary destroyed the basic human attitude and communication between different cultures. Once the bomb of Piasecki explodes there is only silence. The

Police Brutality Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Police Brutality - Term Paper Example The drug laws on both state and federal levels have contributed to the abuse of power and corruption among law enforcement officials across the U.S. A comparison can be made to similar circumstances that occurred during the prohibition of alcohol in the 1920’s. It is well-known that alcohol prohibition encouraged the proliferation of criminal gangs and the associated violent activities. It also made criminals out of policemen who took bribes to ‘look the other way’ while illegal booze was delivered to and consumed at ‘speak easies.’ The growth of police corruption instances involving drug sales is relatively easy to explain. The financial rewards offered by the sales of illegal drugs in relation to other forms of income both legal and illegal, is enormous. The temptation attracts law enforcement officials who are becoming increasingly more discouraged by the growing proliferation of drug traffickers. Though police agencies of all descriptions have fought the 30-plus year ‘drug war’ by spending billions of dollars and locking up millions of people, their efforts have not only not ended drug use or sales but drugs are now more available, cheaper and purer than ever before. Disheartened police officers involved in stopping drug crimes put their lives in jeopardy but are under-paid and under-appreciated by an indifferent public. Many officers joined the force to protect and serve but find themselves regulating an illegal drug market that they know they will never suppress. As long as the U.S. government continues its disastrous ‘war,’ formerly well-intentioned cops will continue to be lured by the money to be had by engaging in the drug trade they are expected to prevent. They risk their lives for a war which has no end and they know this fact better than anyone. Fighting a losing battle discourages even the most loyal and honest of law officials and some u se this to justify becoming involved in

Financial Analysis of Coles Ltd

Financial Analysis of Coles Ltd 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Purpose In this report my purpose is to do a financial analysis of Coles Ltd which provides a basis, on which the valuation of company can be done. 1.2 Scope This report conducts a financial analysis for Coles by performing a trend analysis of financial ratios using the data given for past 5 years. It also includes a cash flow analysis which along with financial ratios helps compare coles with its industry counterparts, Woolworths and Metcash; and finally this analysis would help in price valuation to calculate a fair price for coles share. 1.3 Methodology This report is based on primary data available from Coles website as well as secondary data such as research paper, electronic database and other publications. 1.4 Limitation Although all efforts have been made to use as much available information as possible but there were some constricting factors such as lack of available data of past financial information which restricted this research. Reliability of data and time constraints were also hurdle in performing this analysis. The biggest shortcoming was that current data was based on AIFR and data for years before 2005 was based on AGAAP, which made comparative trend analysis very difficult. 2. FINANCIAL ANALYSIS In this we will be evaluating the firms financial ratios and cash flow measures of the operating, financing, and investing performance of a company in relation to key competitors historical performance. Given the firms strategy and goals, together these tools allow the analyst to investigate and examine a firms performance and its financial condition. Ratio analysis is the tool which involves assessing the firms income statement and balance sheet data. On the other side, the cash flow analysis relies on firms cash flow statement. 2.1 Ratio analysis The ratio analysis deals with evaluation of the performance of Coles in perspective of its mentioned strategies and goals. In order to achieve this objective a combination of cross sectional analysis and time series analysis is performed. Workings of Ratios for 2006 are mentioned in APPENDIX 4. 2.1.1 Profitability analysis If we look at the return on equity (ROE) of Coles, for a period of 5 years, it is being observed that ROE has increased in 2006 as compared to 2002. Although ROE has fallen in 2006 (15. 30%) as compared to 2005 (18.30 %) but it can be seen that on an average Coles ROE has been stable or increased over last 5 years. Return on asset (ROA) has also been stable around 10% during the last 3 years and increasing from 7.17% in 2002 to 9.54% in 2006.The main reason for stable ROE and ROA are better performance delivered by the management and as well as the mature characteristic of the industry, that produces stable return as well as stable growth seeing population demographics in the country. Table 1 Profitability Ratio of Coles Ltd Source: Coles financial statement after adjustment Gross profit has been quite stable and good for the last 5 years but the concerned part is the net profit margin. Net profit margin has been very low, it had been increasing from 2002 to 2005 but it again fell in 2002 to 1.57% from 2.08%. Coles need to reduce its operating and interest expenses so as to increase its net profit margin. Table 2 Profitability Ratio Comparison within the industry in 2006 On comparing the performance of Coles with its industry counterparts we can conclude that Coles Ltd is way behind its major competitor, Woolworths, in terms of ROE and ROA which might be attributable to lower net profit margin and lower financial leverage. Coles has higher financial leverage as compared to Woolworths and metcash, which means it, has greater financial risk. But despite of high leverage it has low ROE which confirms the fact that Coles has low net profit margin asset turnover ratio. 2.1.2 Activity Analysis A firms operating activities require investments in both short-term (inventory and accounts receivable) and long term assets. Activity ratios describe the relationship between the firms level of operations and assets needed to sustain operating activities. Asset turnover is important in determining firms ROA; it also formulates reasons of how it will affect firms ROE. Evaluating the effectiveness of asset management is the purpose of asset turnover analysis. 2.1.2.1 Short term activity ratios Working capital is our main concern while evaluating a company. It can clearly be observed that since Coles has high turnover ratios it uses cash basis in its sales. It can be clearly being seen that it took only 4.48 days on an average for Coles to convert its inventory investment back in to cash. From the figures last 5 years we can clearly interpret that Coles has drastically improved its cash conversion cycle from 23 days in 2002 to 4.48 days in 2006. Table 3 Short-term Activity Ratios for Coles Ltd Table 4 Short-term activity ratio comparison, 2006 Now, if we compare Coles with its competitors we can see that Woolworths has lower cash conversion cycle and metcash has higher cash conversion cycle. Woolworths has lower cash conversion cycle because it keeps inventory in stock for shorter duration and stock is converted in to good sold in less span of time. On the other hand Metcash keeps inventory in stock for lower no. of days but it provides more no. of days to its receivables for payment due to which it has higher cash conversion cycle. Seeing the industry it can be concluded that Coles has good cash conversion cycle but it can improve on it by reducing the Average number of days for which inventory is in stock. 2.1.2.2 Long term activity ratios In the analysis of long term activity ratios, long-term asset turnover and property, plant and equipment turnover have been utilized. Table 5 Long term activity ratios for Coles Ltd On the whole both ratios moved in the same pattern during these periods. Relatively, this pattern shows that asset utilization has improved uniformly for the period ranging from 2002 (310.12%) to 2006(372.70%). This helps to conclude that company is continuously improving its utilization of assets to increase its production. Table 6 Long term activity ratios comparison, 2006 While comparing to its competitors it can be seen that Coles total asset turnover ratio is approximately 30% higher than its competitors. It helps to analyze that Coles is more efficiently utilizing its resources to increase its production as compared to its competitors. Metcashs high PPE turnover ratio can be contributed to the fact that PPE forms a very small part of Metcashs total assets. If compare Coles with its major competitor Woolworth on PPE Turnover Ratio we can conclude that Coles has been utilizing its fixed asset better than Woolworths. 2.1.3 Liquidity Analysis Liquidity is referred to a firms ability to have sufficient funds when needed and convert its non-cash assets in to cash easily. Liquidity Ratios are employed to determine the firms ability to pay its short-term liabilities. Liquidity analysis enables us to determine Coles ability to cover its liquidity risk. Liquidity risk may arise due to shortfall or over liquidity within the firm and this in turn lead to firms disability of fulfilling its liquidity needs. In order to determine firm liquidity level, Current ratio, quick ratio and cash ratio are short- term liquidity ratios which have been employed. Table 7 Coles Short-term Liquidity Ratios On doing the trend analysis for last 5 years it can be observed that Coles current ratio has been consistently falling, which increases the possibility that Coles will not be able to meet up its short term liabilities. Current ratio has fallen from 1.37 in 2002 to 0.98 in 2006 which is of major concern, as a current ratio of less than 1 means that company has negative working capital and is probably facing a liquidity crisis. The more stringent measure of liquidity is quick ratio and cash ratio which have also been falling uniformly in last 5 years. It seems Coles is falling in to liquidity crunch and might need short term funds to meet its current liabilities. There has been lot of volatility in the cash ratio of the firm as they have been rising and again falling, so we can conclude that Coles is not able to maintain stable liquidity. Table 8 Short term liquidity ratios comparisons, 2006 As compared to its competitors Coles has better current ratio than Woolworths but has current ratio less than Metcash. Comparing Coles with its major competitor in retail sector, Woolworth, we can clearly see Coles has better current cash ratio but is behind on quick ratio. On comparing with metcash we see that Coles is behind on all the short term liquidity ratios by a very high margin. Metcash has twice the cash ratio as compared to Coles, which makes Coles ability to meet its short term liabilities questionable. 2.1.4 Long term Debt and solvency Analysis The analysis of a firms capital structure is essential to evaluate its long term risk and return prospects. The long term debt and solvency ratios which we are going to use here are debt to equity, debt to capital and interest coverage ratio. Table 9 Coles long term Debt and Solvency ratios As indicated by Coles debt and long term solvency ratios, it denotes that firm is not a solvent company and relies heavily on debt financing. The firms debt to equity and debt to capital ratios are consistently above 1.00 which shows that Coles employed more debt than equity as its source of financing. Debt to total capital has also been consistently been around 0.55-0.60 during the 5 year period. This shows that firm has been stable with its financing policy and has not done much change with its debt and equity mix. Since it relies so heavily on debt financing, issues can be raised regarding its ability to pay off the interest arising due to long term debt financing but we see that company has EBIT 7 times more than the interest charges it has to pay, so that should concern much. It can be observed interest coverage ratio has declined in 2006, as compared to 2005 2004, but it is still able to meet industry benchmarks. Table 10 Debt and Solvency ratios Comparison 2006 Compared to its competitors, long term solvency ratios of Coles seem to be performing optimally. Woolworths has got the highest debt to equity, debt to capital interest coverage ratio. Historically a debt to equity ratio of 2:1 is considered optimal so Coles can still rely on debt to finance its future undertaking rather then issuing new shares. It can be observed that Coles has interest coverage ratio greater than Metcash but less than Woolworths but that can be attributable to its low profit margin as compared to Woolworths. It seems Coles is at par with its competitors in terms of debt and solvency ratios. 2.2 Cash Flow Analysis Cash flow analysis is essential to understand that whether the firms cash flow have the ability to sustain the business, to meet unexpected obligations and to meet its short term liabilities. This also helps to understand whether firm will be requiring additional financing and firm can take advantage of new business opportunities as they arise. In cash flow analysis we will evaluate 3 ratios; Operating cash flow to current liabilities, Interest coverage (cash flow basis) operating cash flow to dividend payment. Methodology for calculation of cash flow ratios is shown in APPENDIX 5 Table 11 Cash flow ratios for Coles Ltd Based on the table above, we can say that Coles has the ability to service its debts which can be seen in firms interest coverage ratio from cash flow basis. Moreover, we observe that Op. cash flow to dividend payment has fallen over the time span from 2002 to 2006 which could be an area of concern. Operating cash flow to current liabilities has also fallen a bit, which means it can be a problem for the firm if certain unexpected obligation come up due to which it might require additional financing. Table 12 Cash flow ratios Comparison, 2006 If we compare Coles to its competitors in the industry which it operates we observe that Coles has got better interest coverage ratio (cash flow basis) as compared to Woolworths Metcash which means that Coles has better ability to service its debts than its counterparts. Coles also has a shortcoming in operating cash flow to dividend payment ratio, as it can be seen it has the lowest operating cash flow to dividend payment ratio. It can be attributable to the fact that it pays more dividends than it should pay. So it can be concluded that Coles needs to reduce dividend payment as it might lead Coles in to financial difficulties if some unexpected obligations turn up. In terms of operating cash flow to current liabilities we see that although it has fallen substantially for Coles in last 5 years but it is at par with its biggest competitor Woolworths greater than Metcash. 3. Prospective analysis Prospective analysis enables us to determine future performance of the firm based on historical performance of the company. Here will be determining the mean return for sales and earning before interest taxes (EBIT) . Using those mean returns we will be making a sales forecast and EBIT forecast. 3.1 Sales and EBIT forecast In determining the sales growth, I have considered the following assumptions- Past trend of sales is going to continue in the following years. Firm is not going to bring a major change in its pricing policy. The foundation for sales EBIT growth is historical sales EBIT growth and I have used mean reverting model to determine the future sales growth, in which future sales EBIT growth will be mean return of last 4 years sales growth. I have not taken the 5 year sales EBIT growth because EBIT growth rate is to high in 2002 (73%) which could adversely effect the mean return considering present situation of Coles. Table 13 Sales EBIT Growth Rate for Coles Ltd Using the mean reverting model we are able to find out a growth rate of sales for 7.64% EBIT growth rate of 11.87%. Using these growth rates we will be able to make a sales forecast EBIT forecast. This forecast will help in proper valuation of Coles on the basis of its predicted future performance. Figure 1 Line chart for sales EBIT growth Table 14 Sales EBIT Forecast for Coles LTD Using the growth rates we can forecast the sales and EBIT for Coles which helps an analyst in a fair valuation of the company. The main reason we use the sales growth as a base for forecasting, is that the majority of firm income is derived from its supermarket business. This forecast suffers from one serious shortcoming that EBIT growth has fallen from 34.31% in 2004 to 11.16% in 2005 and then to -17.07% in 2006 but we are still predicting a growth in EBIT of 11.87% in 2007 and thereafter. 4. Conclusion I have gone through the multi-step process of ratio analysis, cash flow analysis and prospective analysis to present a report on financial analysis of Coles ltd. During the process, I have identified that Coles is operating in a mature industry with small profit margins. I have performed ratio analysis, cash flow analysis prospective analysis which would help a great deal in valuation of Coles based on its current market situation. During the Ratio analysis I was able to conclude that Coles has got good activity liquidity ratios but the major area of concern is profitability ratios. Coles needs to improve its net profitability so as survive in this competitive environment. Cash flow analysis helped us to depict that Coles has cash flow ratios at par with its competitor, Woolworths, but Coles need to reduce its dividend payout as it is too high as compared to industry counterparts. By doing a prospective analysis I am able to forecast the future sales EBIT for Coles for next 4 years. Growth rate for forecast has been calculated using the mean return for past 4 years. This helps us to understand future growth of the company. I would like to conclude by saying that although Coles is competing in a low profit margin industry but it is the 2nd biggest company in the retail industry, therefore if it brings about certain petite changes in its financing and operating activities it can add a great deal to its shareholders value.

Biology and Chemical Warfare Essay -- science

Biology and Chemical Warfare Introduction Chemical and Biological Warfare, use of harmful or deadly chemical or biological agents as weapons of war. These agents can kill many people and are considered weapons of mass destruction. Chemical weapons are made up of poisonous chemical compounds, whereas biological weapons are living microorganisms. Toxin weapons contain poisonous chemical products of living organisms and are sometimes classified separately. Chemical and biological weapons can cause injury in several ways. Most cause injury or death when inhaled, and some cause injury through contact with skin or through ingestion of contaminated food. A chemical or biological attack usually involves dispersing agents into the air. This can be done in various ways, such as firing artillery shells that burst in mid-air, or using airplanes to spray the agents over an area. If released outdoors, these types of weapons can be affected by weather conditions. Rain would reduce the effectiveness of the agents, and wind might spread them in unexpected directions. Because chemical and biological agents are seen as random, dangerous, and particularly cruel weapons, they have rarely been used. In the 20th century, chemicals were used extensively as battlefield weapons only in World War I (1914-1918) and the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988). The release of the nerve agent sarin in a Tokyo subway in 1995 was a rare terrorist chemical attack. The 1972 Biological Weapons Convention and the 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention are the most recent international agreements prohibiting these types of weapons, and both have been signed by many countries. Nevertheless, analysts contend that following the Iran-Iraq War, more countries began to secretly develop chemical and biological weapons, and the threat of their use has become greater. Iraq in particular has been accused of stockpiling such weapons, and Iraqi resistance to United Nations weapons inspections in the late 1990s raised international awareness of the need for stronger efforts to control biological and chemical weapons. II. Chemical WarfarePrint section Chemical warfare involves the use of chemical compounds to kill or seriously injure an enemy. Several countries began eliminating their chemical weapons stockpiles in the 1990s, but the threat of their use still exists. A. Chemical AgentsPrint section... ...s, an explosive release is not necessary. Members of Aum Shinrikyo attacked the Tokyo subway by packing sarin in plastic containers. To release the nerve agent, they pierced the containers with sharp umbrella tips. The leaking liquid and vapor affected thousands of passengers. Microorganisms are generally more fragile than chemicals, and some might not survive an explosion. But several, like anthrax spores, do remain potent after an explosive release. In any case, United States Army tests have shown that biological agents can be broadly dispersed in a variety of non-explosive ways. In the 1950s and 1960s the Army released bacteria and chemical particles in hundreds of tests in populated areas throughout the country. Agents were sprayed at San Francisco from a boat offshore, dispensed from slow-moving cars in Minneapolis and St. Louis, and released from light bulbs dropped in the New York subway. The bacteria and chemicals in the tests were not as dangerous as actual warfare agents, although they posed some risks to the exposed populations. They demonstrated that an enemy or terrorist could expose millions of people to disease-causing organisms by a variety of simple techniques.

Illegal Immigration in America

Hendry Miranda Professor Pauline Rodock English 1301 October 10, 2012 Illegal Immigration in America America has always been a country of immigrants. Ever since the birth of this nation, waves of immigrants have come here in search of a happier life. America is known all over the world as a place where people can be free in so many different ways, a place where prosperity is possible for those who work hard and want a better life for their offspring. The dilemma is though, many of those pursuing the â€Å"American Dream† come here illegally, and thus breaking the laws of the very same country they want to live in, right from the beginning.This research exposes some facts about the so heated debate of illegal immigration in America. In recent years America has experienced a record of illegal immigration without precedents. According to the USCIS (United States Citizenship and Immigration Service) there are two classes of illegal immigrants. First class corresponds to â€Å"ove r-stayers†, and this refers to those people who at some point legally entered the United States under any kind of visa, and simply stayed once that document expired.Most of this â€Å"over-stayers† are foreigners who came to the United States with student visas, or who came here with tourist/business visas. Even though once they over stay they are considered illegal immigrants, the government has an idea of who those people are because these kind of immigrants need to go through extensive filters in the American embassies of their country in order to get an American visa. On the other hand, the USCIS also has the Illegal Alien classification. These are the people who enter the United States without any kind of legal registry or document.The vast majority of these illegal aliens enter the United States through the Mexican border. Also, most of these immigrants are of Hispanic origins, specifically Mexicans. â€Å"Between now and 2020, the Hispanic population will increa se by 77%, compared to a 69% for Asians, 32% for African Americans, 26% for Native Americans, and 1% for non-Hispanic whites, according to the Alliance for Excellent Education. As a result, by 2020 the nation’s adult population, ages 25 to 64, will be 63 percent white, 17 percent Hispanic, 13 percent African American, 6 percent Asian, and about 1% native American† highlighted in Hardy, page 5). This illegal immigration issue has am impact in every aspect of the American way of life. Many will say and prove that the illegal immigration problem is out of control. It is estimated that more than 20 million people live illegally in the United States. Those who are pro illegal immigration insist that is wrong to label these people as â€Å"criminals† since their only â€Å"crime† is to come to America in search of better opportunities, in search of what for any reason they cannot have in their homeland.They claim that they come here to work, â€Å"to do the job s most American will not do†. Many of these groups believe that amnesty should be granted to those who meet some basic requirements, such as living in the United States continuously for more than 7 years, not having a criminal record etc. Illegal immigration groups have deep roots in many places in America and they have supporter that will do anything in order to protect the â€Å"basic rights† of the individuals that find themselves in this dilemma.A very good example of this, are the so called Sanctuary Cities: â€Å"In the United States, a number of cities in the southwest have declared themselves cities of refugee or asylum for undocumented immigrants. In April 2006, for example, Oakland, California city officials declared that would no longer cooperate with federal officials in conducting raids to capture undocumented immigrants† (highlighted in Carlson, page 267). These cities actually facilitate the stay of illegal immigrants by providing free medical care , no checks for obtaining jobs, no checks for renting a home just to name a few.San Francisco is well known to be a major Sanctuary city for illegal immigrants. Many of the illegal immigrants also use the â€Å"Anchor Baby† phenomenon. Meaning they will have kids in American soil who have the right to citizenship, in the hopes that one day they will obtain citizenship too through their American-born kids. They take advantage of the 14th Amendment, which grants citizenship to any person born in American soil. This is an outdated law that, after the end of the American Civil War, granted citizenship to the newly freed African American slaves.Illegal immigrants do not pay income taxes but at the same time have access to all the benefits provided by the taxpayers. Also the school systems are overcrowded in many states, thanks to the increasing number of illegal immigrants. In many cases, being an illegal immigrant can actually benefit these people: â€Å"Texas was the first stat e to respond, passing legislation granting in-state tuition rates to illegal students in 2001. California followed later that year. Other states that have enacted such laws include Illinois, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, New York, Oklahoma, Utah, and Washington† (highlighted in Gilroy, page 16).Many anti-amnesty groups explain that opposing the amnesty is not a racial issue, but a matter of doing what’s right. The United States of America is a country of law, and by entering illegally they’re already breaking the law, right from the beginning. It’s not being anti immigration, â€Å"legal† is the key word here. Granting citizenship to illegal alien would encourage more illegal immigration. Not only that, but it will be taken as an insult by all the legal immigrants who did the right thing and followed the rules of the game to be in the United States.Most legal immigrants spend a lot of time and effort in order to get here, in some cases having to pay thousands of dollars and having to wait years for that privilege. The dram act is another attempt by illegal-immigrant supporters to legalize their status. It basically would give a path to citizenship to illegal immigrants who came to the United States as children, brought by their parents and with no faults of their own. They would have to be under the age of 16, have finished High School, free of criminal records and willing to serve in the military for at least two years.While this might sound fair for the illegals, then again it is unfair for those who came here legally and many people see this as another invitation to come to this country illegally. It is true, there must be an immigration reform, and a solution must be found to deal with the millions of illegal immigrants currently in America. Until that happens, the government should do all in its power to stop this issue from becoming bigger. The borders need to be secured and the constitution amended so illegal aliens sto p taking advantage of the â€Å"anchor baby† tactic.America still is one if not the most multicultural country in the world, Works Cited Carlson, D. (2009). The Border Crossed Us: Education, Hospitality politics, and the Social Consturction of the â€Å"illegal immigrant†. Educational Theory, 59(3), 259-277. Gilroy, M. (2009). Battle Continues over In-State Tuition for Illegal immigrants. Education Digest: Essential Readings Condensed For Quick Review, 74(8), 16-20. Hardy, L. (2007). Coping with Illegal immigrants in School. Education Digest: Essential Readings Condesnsed For Quick Review, 72(9), 4-6.

Chemistry Abbreviations Starting With the Letter S

Chemistry Abbreviations Starting With the Letter S Chemistry abbreviations and acronyms are common in all fields of science. This collection offers common abbreviations and acronyms beginning with the letter S used in chemistry and chemical engineering. S - Entropys - secondsS - Sulfurs - solids - spin quantum numberSA - Salicylic AcidSA - Surface AreaSAC - S-Allyl CysteineSAC - Strong Acid Cationsal - salt (Latin)SAM - S-Adenosyl MethionineSAM - Spin Angular MomentumSAN - Styrene-AcryloNitrileSAP - Super Absorbant PolymerSAQ - Soluble AnthraQunoneSAS - Small Angle ScatteringSATP - Standard Ambient Temperature and PressureSb - AntimonySB - Solvent BasedSBA - Strong Base AnionSBC - Styrene Butadiene CopolymerSBR - Sequencing Batch ReactorSBS - Styrene Butadiene StyreneSc - ScandiumSC - Silicon CarbideSCBA - Specific Chemical and Biologic AgentsSCC - Stress Corrosion CrackingSci - ScienceSCO - Super Charged OxygenSCS - Single Crystal SiliconSCU - Scoville UnitsSCVF - Single Chamber Vacuum FurnaceSCW - Super Critical WaterSCX - Strong Cation eXchangerSDMS - Scientific Data Management SystemSDV - Shut Down ValveSDW - Spin Density WaveSE - Sample ErrorSe - SeleniumSec - SecondsSCN - ThiocyanateSEP - SeparateSEU - Slightly Enriched Uraniu mSF - Safety FactorSF - Significant FiguresSFC - Supercritical Fluid ChromatographySFPM - Suspended Fine Particulate MatterSg - SeaborgiumSG - Specific GravitySG - Spheroidal GraphiteSH - Thiol functional groupSHE - Standard Hydrogen ElectrodeSHF - Super High FrequencySHC - Synthetic HydroCarbonSi - SiliconSI units - Systà ¨me international dunità ©s (International System of Units)SL - Sea LevelSL - Short-LivedSLI - Solid-Liquid InterfaceSLP - Sea Level PressureSm - SamariumSM - Semi-MetalSM - Standard ModelSMILES - Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry SystemSN - Sodium NitrateSn - TinSNAP S-Nitroso-N-AcetylPenicillamineSNP - Single-Nucleotide Polymorphismsp - hybrid orbital between s and p orbitalsSP - Solubility ProductSp - SpecialSP - Starting PointSPDF - atomic electron orbital namesSQ - squaredSr - StrontiumSS - Solid SolutionSS - Stainless SteelSSP - Steady-State PlasmaSTEL - Short Term Exposure LimitSTP - Standard Temperature and PressureSTM - Scanning Tunneling Microscop eSUS - SUSpension

Prosess of making Russian Vodka essays

Prosess of making Russian Vodka essays Since ancient times Russians were known for their drinking habits, and often when I introduce myself as a Russian, the first respond I get is: Oh, so you are drinking a lot of vodka! Vodka always played a great role through the history of our country thus, deserving the status of a most popular Russian alcoholic drink. Slavic tribal people, powerful tsars and poor peasants knew it .It is now known to every Russian person regardless his status or position. There is no wedding, no funeral, no grief and no happiness if there is no a bottle of Vodka on the table and you dont feel this slightly burning and at the same time unbelievably smooth liquid running through your throat, gently filling every cell of your body with a pleasant warmth. Moreover, you can hardly find a disease that cant be cured by a mouthful of vodka. The quality and taste of vodka didnt really change through the history, however the process of its manufacturing was greatly modified. The invention of high-technological devises had a great impact on it. It made the process easier, cheaper and much faster. Nevertheless, most Russians, especially those who were born and raised in countryside, deliberately accept only traditional process of making this alcoholic drink. The process of manufacturing vodka at home is complicated and very precise. Russians say: If you want vodka to burn your heart and to cool your mind-you should give up not only a piece of your knowledge, but a piece of your soul as well. If you want to savor soft and slightly burning taste of pure Russian vodka and wake up next morning with a clear mind, cautiously follow the steps that this process requires. The process of making vodka starts with the water preparation process. To make vodka absolutely clear you should use mineral water in the process of manufacturing it. ...

See the prompt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

See the prompt - Essay Example ..† Machiavelli, p. 55. This quotation is from the book The Prince by Machiavelli 4. â€Å"Our love of what is beautiful does not lead to extravagance; our love of the things of the mind does not make us soft. We regard wealth as something to be properly used, rather than as something to boast about.† Pericles, p. 147 5. â€Å"The bourgeoisie, wherever it has got the upper hand, has put an end to all feudal, patriarchal, idyllic relations. It has pitilessly torn asunder the motley feudal ties that bound man to his natural superiors, and has left no other bond between man and man than naked self-interest, than callous cash payment† Marx, p. 738. This quote is from â€Å"Manifesto of the Communist Party, Chapter I â€Å"Bourgeois and Proletarians.† 1. When one lives the life away from the public eye, it is known as private life. Socrates reasons out his choice for living a private life that enabled him practice philosophy. He says that he has the divine umbr ella that protects and guides him for dos and don’ts in life. As for taking active part in life, he asserts that he has no divine directions. Socrates was too sincere, too honest as such he was unfit to be in public office and he would not be able to survive in the dishonesty prevailing over there. A public life is one that concerns and associates with the state. This area is engulfed with secular interests. According to the convictions of Socrates, if he were to take active interest in politics, in all probability it would not help him nor would it help the society. Personally his actions and responses are identical whether they concern the private or public life. One can control and discipline one’s private life, but as for public lifean individual is controlled by extraneous considerations and will have to make compromise with truth. 2. According to John Stuart Mill, self-will is one of the great misdemeanors of man. The barometer of goodness of humanity consists in obedience. A man has no choice but to act and perform. That which the human being does not consider as duty is a sin. Human nature is fundamentally corrupt as such redemption is only possible by killing human nature from within. With this perspective of life, demolishing any other human faculties, capabilities and vulnerabilities cannot be considered as evil. †¦ Man needs no capacity, but that of surrendering himself to the will of God, meaning the capacity to surrender itself is a great quality and liberty is kindergarten stuff as compared to the capacity to surrender. This is the Calvinistic theory. For man is the controller of all types of liberties. For an individual who knows the infinite power of surrender, individual liberty is of no consequence to him. Individual liberty is the demand by the imperfect individual. Total surrender is the domain of the perfect individual. 3. This book contains the guidelines for the dictators and tyrants to rule their subjects. Most of th e important rulers of Europe have benefited from the advice contained in the book and they helped to shape the governing policies. It has been hailed as the supreme guide of governance. The dictums prescribed by Machiavelli must have appealed to the baser instincts of such undemocratic rulers. He believed that the origin and substance of power was through wicked actions. He carefully distinguishes between getting and retaining power, which is done by wicked actions, but it is not possible to

Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Law - Essay Example When dealing with a legal system the first thing to remember is the rule of law; classical perception and understanding of the British’s unwritten traditional constitution majorly relied on three pillars namely the rule of law, parliamentary sovereignty and the separation of powers (Busch 27). The House of Commons, the Crown and the House of Lords can enact limitless laws being that the UK parliament which is composed of the three groups, the House of Commons and the House of Lords (Marsden 10). Each arm of government is bestowed with specified responsibility independent of the other arms of government. However, the different arms of the British government are described as the executive, legislative and the judiciary. In addition, the direct functionalities of the arms of government include making laws, executing laws and maintenance of laws (Marsden 32). The advantage of the distributed responsibility as showcased above is that; it enables the government to stay healthy and o perate in a democratic manner due to the checks and balance performed by different arms of government (Kiikeri 41). Through power sharing strategy, there is a possibility of the different arms of the UK government to reconsider power balancing so that the executive is not given too much power. People perceive the rule of law to be an illusion that would be difficult to pin down; however, there are myriad classic interpretation of the contents of rule of law which is a hint to its essential nature that people can imagine of within the society (Busch 76). Why should I obey the law? The International Bar Association’s ‘Rule of Law Resolution’ (2005) states that: ‘The Rule of Law is the foundation of civilized society. It sets up a transparent process reachable and alike for all. It ascertains devotion to doctrines that both protects and liberates (Kiikeri 66).’ It is perceived that people do not always obey the law, however, maintaining life in the mode rn world, calls for the willingness from people and citizens to observe the law at all time regardless of the decision of their rivals, which often differs in perception (Smits 60). The rule of law is concerned with the relationship between individuals as well as the state. However, the rule of law also focuses on the processes of law enforcement and administration. In the UK, the principal theme derived from the concept of rule of law indicates that the law should not be administered ruthlessly or recklessly by the people in power; everybody should be equal before the law including those in power (Kiikeri 105). A system should be put in place to interpret and apply the law equally to all citizens. European Union Law The European Court of Justice (ECJ) The European law was founded in 1957 and is currently governing 25 states with two new member countries, Romania and Bulgaria, which joined on January, 2007. The US as a country joined the European Union in 1973, and since then they h ave incorporated the EU laws into their national laws. Having given more priorities to the EU laws, the UK parliament no longer has the jurisdiction to be the supreme law maker with limitations to sovereignty (Kiikeri 110). The law council is the main decision making body consisting of one member (minister) from every member country with authorization of committing their state to the legislative proposal (Smits 29). The European Commission The

Aspects of Corporate Financial Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Aspects of Corporate Financial Policy - Essay Example The view that dividend does not matter as far as wealth maximization is concerned has its support in the article by Miller (n.d.) entitled â€Å" Do Dividends Really Matter?† In said paper, Miller explained his position about the few aspects of corporate financial policy where academics and practitioners differ on what really is the effect of dividend policy on stock price. He is aware that the academic consensus that dividends do not matter much and that the market should not be expected to increase prices because of â€Å"generous† dividend policies. He, however, admits that generous dividends may cause share to sell lower due to tax penalties or higher taxes on dividends as against capital gains. On the other hand, he also knows of the continued claims from corporate officials and investment bankers about the big influence of dividend on market prices because of cited instance where there were jumps in price after some announcements of resumption of regular dividends (Miller, n.d.).One may easily notice what caused the world of academicians to differ from those of practitioners. It may be asserted the academicians seem to view things from a long-term point of view while practitioners will look at it at the immediate reaction from the market which is rather a short-term point of view. This must be so since academicians would most probably believe in the result of researchers than a knee-jerk reaction to what happens in a certain stock market. Practitioners, in turn, would like to be guided by academicians but not necessarily. Indeed Miller saw what practitioners perceived as â€Å"an optical illusion† where he used as an example with his students a stick in the water to illustrate his point. He explained that of one who uses his or her eyes and look at the stick in the water, it appears bent yet if one feels it with his or her finger or if one pulls it out of the water one will realize that the stick is not really bent. It is just the loo ks of it that is bent.

Anorexia Nervosa Essay Example for Free

Anorexia Nervosa Essay I. Introduction Anorexia nervosa has received a great deal of attention in the popular media in recent years. This disorder is listed under the category of disorders of childhood or adolescence in DSM-III. Anorexia consists of extreme weight loss due to a reduction in eating. It occurs most frequently in female adolescents; only about 1 in 10 people with anorexia are male. The disorder is believed to be rate, but one study found an incidence of 1 case out of 200 adolescent girls. Anorexia begins when the adolescent starts to diet. The person often has major problems in self-esteem and concerns about physical appearance. Weight reduction may be one way for the person to feel in control of her or his behavior, and to improve self-esteem ( Lager, 2003).   However, for anorexics, dieting gets out of hand. They develop an unreasonable fear of eating, and often suppress hunger by engaging in repetitive activity such as frequent exercising. When anorexics must eat because others (e.g., parent) demand it, they often will induce vomiting after meals to get rid of the food ingested. Even though the anorexic begins to waste away and develops such physical problems as cessation of menstruation (for girls), constipation, and imbalances in body chemistry, she or he is often unconcerned about the life-threatening aspect of the behavior (Darby, 2001). Anorexics continue to perceive themselves as heavier that they really are, and some continue to avoid eating until they die from starvation. Death may occur in up to 15 percent of anorexics. This paper intent to: (1) understand what anorexia nervosa really means and its effects; (2) know the measures for managing anorexia; (3) be aware of the use of pharmacologic agents to stimulate appetite in the terminally ill and; (4) be familiar of the factors influencing nutritional status in varied situations. II. Background Anorexia Nervosa is a psychiatric disorder characterized by an aversion to food and a resulting extreme loss of weight. It is most common in teenage girls and young women. The victims, although not necessarily overweight, become obsessed with a fear of obesity and deliberately subject themselves to a starvation diet (see â€Å"Anorexia Nervosa Overview.† eMedicineHeath. Emergency Care + Consumer Health). The resulting malnutrition typically leads to constipation, vomiting, low body temperature, low blood pressure, and amenorrhea (cessation of menstruation). Victims can lose up to 25 percent of their body weight and, if untreated, may die. Treatment for anorexia consists of hospitalization along with psychotherapy and counseling. Victims are either fed intravenously or are placed on a high-calorie, high-protein diet supplemented by large doses of vitamins. A. What are an anorexia nervosa and its effects? At the other end of the spectrum from obesity is anorexia nervosa, an eating disorder associated with self-imposed starvation. The already underweight person continues to restrict food intake, often to the point where death is a genuine concern. One of the most distinguishing traits of people who have anorexia nervosa is that they do not see themselves as thin (Halmi, 2004). When they look in a mirror, they actually perceive themselves to be overweight or gaining weight. In the latter case they may go out and jog 5 miles or stay up all night jumping jacks. The resulting weight loss and attendant physical stress often lead to an absence of menstruation among females, and the person may look pallid and gaunt. III. Discussion Anorexia is a puzzling disorder. Why would an otherwise healthy young person starve to death? Although some explanations of anorexia have focused on biological causes (a possible malfunction of the hypothalamus which could lead to a lack of desire for food), current views focus on problems in the family which may lead to anorexic behavior. The parents of anorexic adolescents are often very controlling and attempt to order their children’s lives to a greater extent than do parents of non-anorexics. Furthermore, the families are often filled with conflict between family members. Anorexic behavior may be an extreme, distorted attempt by the adolescent to control at least one aspect of her or his own behavior. Treatment of anorexia usually involves several different emphases. If the weight loss is life threatening, medical intervention (e.g., intravenous feeding) is necessary. The reinstitution of eating behavior and achieved using behavioral approaches; however, these gains are often short-lived. Most treatment programs report success rates as high as 86 percent. However, anorexia still results in death for some individuals. A. Measures for managing Anorexia Anorexia is a common problem in the seriously ill. The profound changes in the patient’s appearance and his or her concomitant lack of interest in the socially important rituals of mealtime are particularly disturbing to families. The approach to the problem varies depending on the patient’s stage of illness, level of disability associated with the illness, and desires. Although causes of anorexia may be controlled for a period of time; progressive anorexia is an expected and natural part of the dying process. Anorexia may be related to or exacerbated by situational variables (eg, the ability to have meals with the family versus eating alone in the â€Å"sick room†), progression of the disease, treatment for the disease, or psychological distress. The patient and family should be instructed in strategies to manage the variables associated with anorexia. B. Measures for Managing Anorexia There are many ways in how to manage the patient who suffers from anorexia nervosa and it is divided into two measures, the medical interventions and patient and family tips. a) Medical Interventions The medical group initiates measures to ensure adequate dietary intake without adding stress to the patient at mealtimes and assess the impact of medications (eg,chemotherapy, antiretroviral) or other therapies (radiation therapy, dialysis)that are being used to treat the underlying illness. It administers and monitors effects of prescribed treatment for nausea, vomiting, and delayed gastric emptying and encourages patient to eat when effects of medications have subsided and assess and modify environment to eliminate unpleasant odors and other factors that cause nausea, vomiting, and anorexia. Remove items that may reduce appetite (soiled tissues, bedpans, emesis basins, clutter). This medical group assesses and manages anxiety and depression to the extent possible (see â€Å"Anorexia Nervosa: Treatment.† Mental Health. MayoClinic.com). It also assesses for constipation and/or intestinal obstruction and prevents and manages constipation on an ongoing basis, even when the patient’s intake is minimal. Furthermore, it provides frequent mouth care, particularly following nourishment, ensure that dentures are properly taken care, and administer and monitor effects of topical systematic for oropharyngeal pain. b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Patient and Family Teaching Tips The family reduces the focus on â€Å"balanced† meals; offer the same food as often as the patient desires it and increase the nutritional value of meals. For example, add dry milk powder to milk, and use this fortified milk to prepare cream soups, milkshakes, and gravies. Allow and encourage the patient to eat when hungry, regardless of usual meal times. Eliminate or reduce noxious cooking odors, pet odors, or other odors that may precipitate nausea, vomiting, or anorexia and keep patient’s environment clean, uncluttered and comfortable (Halmi, 2004). Make mealtime a shared experience away from the â€Å"sick† room whenever possible. Reduce stress at mealtimes. Avoid confrontations about the amount of food consumed. Reduce or eliminate routine weighing of the patient. Encourage patient to eat in a sitting position; elevate the head of the patient’s bed. The family plan meals (food selection and portion size) that the patient desires. Provide small frequent meals if they are easier for patient to eat. Encourage adequate fluid intake, dietary fiber, and use of bowel program to prevent constipation (Wrede-Seamn, 1999). C. Use of pharmacologic agents to stimulate appetite in the terminally ill A number of pharmacologic agents are commonly used to stimulate appetite in anorectic patients. Commonly used medications for appetite stimulation include dexamethasone (Decadron), cyproheptadine (Periactin), megestrol acetate (Megace), and dronabinol (Marinol). Dexamethasone initially increases appetite and may provide short-term weight gain in some patients. However, therapy may need to be discontinued in the patient with a longer life expectancy, as after 3 to 4 weeks corticosteroids interfere with the synthesis of muscle protein. Cyproheptadine may be used when corticosteroids are contraindicated, such as when the patient is diabetic. It promotes mild appetite increase but no appreciable weight gain. Megestrol acetate produces temporary weight gain of primarily fatty tissue, with little effect on protein balance. Because of the time required to see any effect from this agent, therapy should not be initiated if life expectancy is less than 30 days. Finally, dronabinol is not as effective as the other agents for appetite stimulation in most patients. Although the use of these agents may cause temporary weight gain, their use is not associated with an increase in lean body mass in the terminally ill. Therapy should be tapered or discontinued after 4 to 8 weeks if there is no response (Wrede-Seamn, 1999). D. Factors Influencing Nutritional Status in varied Situations. One sensitive indicator of the body’s gain or loss of protein is its nitrogen balance. An adult is said to be nitrogen equilibrium when the nitrogen intake (from food) equals the nitrogen output (in urine, feces, and perspiration); it is a sign of health. A positive nitrogen balance exists when nitrogen intake exceeds nitrogen output and indicates tissue growth, such as occurs during pregnancy, childhood, recovery from surgery, and rebuilding of wasted tissue. Negative nitrogen balance indicates that tissue is breaking down faster than it is being replaced. In the absence of an adequate intake of protein, the body converts protein to glucose for energy. This can occur with fever, starvation, surgery, burns, and debilitating diseases. Each gram of nitrogen loss in excess of intake represents the depletion of 6.25 g of protein or 25 g of muscle tissue. Therefore, a negative nitrogen balance of 10g/day for 10 days could mean the wasting of 2.5 kg (5.5 lb) of muscle tissue as it i s converted to glucose for energy. When conditions that result in negative nitrogen balance are coupled with anorexia (loss of appetite), they can lead to malnutrition. IV. Conclusion In conclusion, the prevailing belief among clinical psychologists has been that anorexia arises out of an unstable self-concept. Thus, the commitment to diet and weight control is seen as an attempt to establish a firm sense of identity (Bhanji, 1999). In addition, there is the possibility that this illness, which in about 85 percent of cases occurs in adolescent females, indicates a rejection of traditional feminine roles. Even career patterns play a role. In certain occupations where there is a premium on being thin—for example, ballet dancing—the incidence of clinical anorexia may be great as 50 percent. Further, it has been suggested that malfunctioning neurons in the hypothalamus may alter the metabolism and feeding patterns of people with anorexia nervosa (Leibowitz 2003).   At present, however, the empirical support for underlying neurological disturbances is scant (Logue, 1999).